SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_AdmixIndex

Definition: Proportion of population's ancestry in each gene pool of the target species

Description: Measurement of the extent of admixture of individuals in a population belonging to different gene pools when individuals from two or more parental (ancestral) populations interbreed. The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information in a group of individuals. The value given is the average population ancestry in each of the gene pools detected in the target tree species and is calculated with the R package LEA using the function sNMF. Depending on the number and distribution of populations in the analysis, the proportion of population's ancestry in each of the detected gene pools may change. The number of gene pools detected may also change.

Type:

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_Divergence

Definition: Level of genetic differentiation of the target population from an ideal ancestral population from which all populations in the species diverged

Description: Genetic differentiation of a population is determined by the accumulation of independent genetic changes (mutations) or maintenance of unique variants through time. For instance a population living in an ecologically distinct environment can exhibit genetic divergence from the other studied populations. Fst ranges from 0 (complete similarity of alleles/variants) to 1 (no overalp of alleles/variants). Population-specific Fst values can identify the source/ancestral population and trace the evolutionary history of its derived populations. The measure is relative to the dataset analysed simultaneously and changes when new GCUs are added to the dataset. Population specific Fst was calculated with BayeScan (Foll & Gagiotti 2008) in R.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_Divergence_Pairwise

Definition: The current level of genetic differentiation whithin a species

Description: Genetic differentiation of a population is determined by the accumulation of independent genetic changes (mutations) or maintenance of unique variants through time. For instance a population living in an ecologically distinct environment can exhibit genetic divergence from the other studied populations. Fst ranges from 0 (complete similarity of alleles/variants) to 1 (no overalp of alleles/variants). Pairwise Fst provides insight into the current population genetic structure. The measure is relative to the dataset analysed simultaneously and changes when new GCUs are added to the dataset. Pairwise Fst was calculated with package hierfstat in R.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Pinus pinaster (2)
• Populus nigra (2)

Key: chr_Evolvability

Definition: The ability of a population to respond to directional selection

Description: Evolvability is the ability of a population to produce phenotypic variation that is both heritable and adaptive. References: Houle, 1992. Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics. 130(1):195-204. doi: 10.1093/genetics/130.1.195; Payne, J.L., Wagner, A. The causes of evolvability and their evolution. Nat Rev Genet 20, 24–38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0069-z

Type:

SPECIES

• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)

Key: chr_GenLoad

Definition: The reduction of fitness in a population due to the accumulation of deleterious alleles

Description: Genetic load is a measure of the reduction of fitness caused by genetic erosion. It can be due to the increase in frequency of deleterious mutations due to random genetic drift and/or inbreeding. It is calculated by first identifying deleterious mutations via prediction of their effects, and then deriving deleterious scores that can be summarized to produce a load index, in this case the counts of derived deleterious mutations in homozygosis corrected by the number of synonymous ones. Reference: Bertorelle, G., Raffini, F., Bosse, M. et al. Genetic load: genomic estimates and applications in non-model animals. Nat Rev Genet 23, 492–503 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-022-00448-x

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Pinus pinaster (11)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)

Key: chr_GenomicOffset

Definition: A population measure of maladaptation under future environmental conditions

Description: Genomic offset measures population vulnerability to new environmental conditions. It refers to the expected change in allele frequencies that would be required to mantain optimal fitness under future conditions (e.g. changing climate). It assumes equilibrium between current conditions and allele frequencies and it is usually calculated based on a set of genetic markers under natural selection. It is sensitive to the environmental variables used in the analysis. Reference: Capblancq, T., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Bay, R. A., Exposito-Alonso, M., & Keller, S. R. (2020). Genomic prediction of (mal) adaptation across current and future climatic landscapes. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 51, 245-269.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Abies nebrodensis (1)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (12)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_Hs

Definition: Genetic diversity (Hs) measures genetic variation within a single subpopulation. It quantifies the probability that two randomly selected alleles from the subpopulation are different under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Description: Genetic diversity (Hs) is a measure of the genetic variation within a single subpopulation under random mating. It quantifies the probability that two randomly selected alleles from the subpopulation are different. The value ranges from 0 (no genetic variability) to 1 (high genetic variability). Hs was calculated in R packege hierfstat.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Populus nigra (15)

Key: chr_HybridIndex

Definition: Proportion of population's ancestry in each of the two hybridising species

Description: Measurement of the extent of hybridisation between two species in a population. The value given is the average population ancestry in each of the two hybridising species and is calculated with the R package LEA using the function sNMF.

Type:

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Abies nebrodensis (1)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (12)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_Inbreeding

Definition: Probability of two alleles in an individual being identical by descent

Description: Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals that are closely related genetically. The degree of inbreeding can be measured using a calculation called the inbreeding coefficient. This calculates the probability that two copies of a gene variant have been inherited from an ancestor common to both the mother and the father. The lower the degree of inbreeding, the lower the inbreeding coefficient. Negative values indicate no inbreeding. Reference: Wright (1921) Systems of Mating. II. the Effects of Inbreeding on the Genetic Composition of a Population. Genetics, 6: 124-143.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_MolDivPartB

Definition: Contribution of one population to the total diversity due to its divergence/distinctiveness

Description: A molecular diversity partition into diversity per se and distinctiness is defined by using molecular markers. Then the contribution of each population to the total (global) diversity is computed by removing one population at a time. This statistics refers to the population distinctiveness (variation between populations). The measure is relative to the dataset analysed simultaneously and changes when new GCUs are added to the dataset. The index was calculated with metapop2 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-0998.13015). Reference: Petit et al. 1998 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x)

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_MolDivPartW

Definition: Contribution of one population to the total diversity due to its own diversity

Description: A molecular diversity partition of total gene diversity into diversity per se and distinctivness using molecular markers. Then the contribution of each population to the total (global) diversity is computed by removing one population at a time. This index refers to the population diversity per se (variation within populations). The measure is relative to the dataset analysed simultaneously and changes when new GCUs are added to the dataset. The index was calculated with metapop2 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-0998.13015). Reference: Petit et al. 1998 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x)

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Abies nebrodensis (1)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_NucDiv

Definition: Mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site between any two randomly selected orthologous DNA sequences (of the same loci) in a population (π)

Description: Nucleotide diversity (π) measures the degree of polymorphism within a population and is defined as the average number of nucleotide differences per site between any two DNA sequences of the same genomic region, chosen randomly from the selected population. This parameter is a measure of genetic variation, in a similar way to Hs. One commonly used measure of nucleotide diversity was first introduced by: Nei M, Li WH. (1979). Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.76:5269–5273.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)

Key: chr_PropClones

Definition: Number of clonal individuals divided by the total number of individuals of the population

Description: Number of genetically identical individuals, reproducing asexually, divided by the total number of individuals of a specific population.

Type: _type_number

Range: -

SPECIES

• Abies alba (18)
• Abies nebrodensis (1)
• Betula pendula (15)
• Castanea sativa (13)
• Fagus sylvatica (15)
• Fraxinus excelsior (13)
• Malus sylvestris (16)
• Picea abies (16)
• Pinus halepensis (15)
• Pinus nigra (15)
• Pinus pinaster (15)
• Pinus pinea (6)
• Pinus sylvestris (15)
• Populus alba (6)
• Populus nigra (15)
• Prunus avium (13)
• Quercus ilex (13)
• Quercus pubescens (5)
• Quercus robur (16)
• Quercus suber (16)
• Sorbus torminalis (10)
• Taxus baccata (16)

Key: chr_PropPolyLoci

Definition: Number of polymorphic loci divided by the total number of loci examined

Description: A measure used to quantify genetic diversity in a population. It can be used for comparisons of populations when analysing the same loci across all compared populations.

Type: _type_number

Range: 1 - 0